Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural
subjects need plural verbs. My brother is
a nutritionist. My sisters are
mathematicians.
See the section on
Plurals
for additional help with subject-verb agreement.
The
indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are
always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.
- Everyone has done his or her
homework.
- Somebody has left
her purse.
Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some —
are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the
thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to
accompany such pronouns.
- Some of the beads are missing.
- Some of the water is gone.
On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none,
that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether
you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the
sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of none
as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of
the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none
as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the
food is fresh.")
- None of you claims
responsibility for this incident?
- None of you claim
responsibility for this incident?
- None of the students have done
their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes
the use of the singular verb.
Some
indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody
(listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person
and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with
them. They are always singular, though. Each is often followed
by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars),
thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and
requires a singular verb.
Everyone has finished his or her
homework.
You would always say, "Everybody is here."
This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that.
Each of the students is
responsible for doing his or her work in the library.
Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the
subject is each and each is always singular — Each is
responsible.
Phrases
such as together with, as well as, and along with are not
the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along
with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but
it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would
do).
- The mayor as well as his brothers is
going to prison.
- The mayor and his brothers are
going to jail.
The
pronouns neither and either are singular and require
singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two
things.
- Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
- Which shirt do you
want for Christmas?
Either is
fine with me.
In informal writing, neither and either
sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a
prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly
true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two
clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this
seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual
agreement."*
The
conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor
or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the
number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb
doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number.
- Either my father or my brothers are
going to sell the house.
- Neither my brothers nor my father is
going to sell the house.
- Are either my brothers or
my father responsible?
- Is either my father or my
brothers responsible?
Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my
father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is
probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb
whenever that is possible.
The
words there and here are never subjects.
- There
are two reasons [plural subject]
for this.
- There is no
reason for this.
- Here are
two apples.
With these constructions (called expletive
constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the
number of the verb.
Verbs
in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she,
it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings.
Other verbs do not add s-endings.
He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . .
Sometimes
modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers
must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.
The mayor, who has been convicted
along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who
also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.
Sometimes
nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural
when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the
Plural
Forms of Nouns and the section on
Collective
Nouns for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants,
pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs)
unless they're preceded the phrase
pair of (in which case the
word
pair becomes the subject).
- My glasses were on the bed.
- My
pants were torn.
- A pair of
plaid trousers is in the closet.
Some
words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular
and require singular verbs.
- The news from the front is
bad.
- Measles is a dangerous
disease for pregnant women.
On the other hand, some words ending in -s
refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural
verb.
- My assets were wiped out in
the depression.
- The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.
- Our thanks
go to the workers who supported the
union.
The names of sports teams that do not end in "s"
will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat
have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun
are hoping that new talent … .
See the section on
plurals
for help with this problem.
Fractional
expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority
of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the
meaning. (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most
and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical
processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The
expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More
than one student has tried this."
- Some of the voters are still
angry.
- A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.
- Two-fifths of the troops were
lost in the battle.
- Two-fifths of the vineyard was
destroyed by fire.
- Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
- Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy.
- Two and two is four.
- Four times four divided by two is
eight.
If
your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is
plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive
subject.
- The department members but not the chair have
decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.
- It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.
- It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has
provoked the students to riot.